Solid state species under the influence of nature and science

From September 15^th – 22^nd, 1996 the 3^rd Euroconference on Solid State Ionics took place in the Hotel “Baia delle Ginestre„ near Teulada, which is situated on the marvellous island of Sardinia. About 100 participants came from countries like Russia, the Czech Republic, Poland, Bulgaria, Japan, China, Scotland, England, France, Belgium, Portugal, Greece, Italy, Spain, Israel and Germany and had to deal with almost all fields of Solid State Ionics. The conference and its atmosphere, which was very nice indeed, will be described in detail using some models for the processes which were taking place. Some conclusions will be drawn as well.     

Methylation of arsenic trioxide in hamsters with liver damage induced by long-term administration of carbon tetrachloride

One-time oral administration of arsenic trioxide to hamsters with toxic liver cirrhosis induced by longterm exposure to carbon tetrachloride resulted in significant elevations of the concentrations of dimethylarsenic species in the liver and in blood, and in high urinary excretions of dimethylarsenic species. These concentration changes in the liver, blood and urine indicated that the methylation of inorganic arsenic was not inhibited but promoted in hamsters suffering from experimentally induced toxic liver cirrhosis. Cirrhotic hamsters also had increased urinary excretion of inorganic arsenic. Results of the determinations of S-adenosylmethionine in the livers suggested that this compound may accelerate the methylation of inorganic arsenic in the cirrhotic liver.     

TPD and TPR studies on the reaction between adsorbed NOx species and CH4 over Cu-zeolite

NO₃-type and NO₂-type adsorbed species are formed on Cu-ZSM-5 together with adsorbed O species at 523 K in the decomposition of NO accompanied by the evolution of N₂, N₂O, and NO₂. NO₃-type adsorbed species formed on Cu-ZSM-5 is well reduced with CH₄ around 570 - 600K, while NO₂-type adsorbed species formed on Cu-ZSM-5 was less active on the reduction with CH₄.     

Theoretical investigation of combustion characteristics in ram-jet dump combustor with side-inlet

The combustion flow of a sudden-expansioin dump combustor with injecting side-inlet is analysed using the SIMPLE-C algorithm and the Jones-Launder k-? two-equation turbulence model. The transport properties of velocity, turbulence kinetic energy, temperature and combustion efficiency as a function of the injected mass fraction and the number of side-inlet nozzles are solved in this paper. The axial velocities of the sudden-expansion dump combustor without injected side-inlet flow are solved first and found to be in good agreement with the experimental data of Moon and Rudinger. For a fixed value of the side-inlet number the wall temperature and combustion efficiency of the dump combustor are decreased when the injected mass fraction is increased. For a fixed value of the injected mass fraction the wall temperature and combustion efficiency are decreased when the number of side-inlet nozzles is increased.     

The Exact Icosahedral Symmetry Relations for Atomic Overlaps,Molecular Orbitals and Vibrational Species of C60 Buckyballs

A computer adapted vector method and Euler angle transformation procedures are used to generate the relationship between the atomic orbitals of icosahedral C₆₀ Buckminsterfullerene cluster and to produce symmetry adapted molecular orbitals and vibrational species. The atomic overlaps based on the orientational relationship of the orbitals are used to compute the approximate molecular orbital energies and normalization constants. One of the vibrations of A_u, symmetry is used to interpret the isomeric (dyotropic) rearrangement that breaks and forms two bonds to change two pentagons to two hexagons and vice versa.     

Indirect radiotracer study of the adsorption of corrosion inhibitors on hematite

The specific adsorption of corrosion inhibitors (inorganic and organic compounds) was studied at a metal oxide (hematite) in 0.5 mol dm^–3 NaClO₄ solution by an indirect radiotracer technique. This indirect radiotracer technique is based upon the application of labeled indicator species, which were sulfate species at a concentration of 2×10^–4 mol dm^–3. The displacement of sulfate species was found in all the cases studied. The order of the inhibition efficiency of the corrosion inhibitor molecules is in good agreement with the order of their adsorbabilities. Electronic Publication     

浙江鱼类寄生粘孢子虫一新种 (粘孢子虫纲: 双壳目 )

浙江省养殖鲫鱼—— 东北银鲫和异育银鲫上发现一种粘孢子虫 ,经鉴定应属粘体虫科 ,命名为多态粘体虫 ,新种.     

稀土改性的氧化镍基低温乙烷氧化脱氢催化剂活性氧物种的Raman光谱研究

利用共沉淀法制备了几种稀土金属氧化物改性的氧化镍催化剂 ,考察了其乙烷氧化脱氢 (ODE)制乙烯的催化性能 ,讨论了不同稀土金属氧化物掺杂浓度对催化剂催化性能的影响 ,利用Raman光谱技术初步表征反应在该类催化剂上的活性氧物种为Raman谱带出现在 1 0 60cm- 1 的表面双原子超氧物种O-2 ,该谱峰的大小与催化剂的ODE性能有很好的对应关系。     

Polarigraphic measurement of liquid-phase species distributions

In this study, the optical rotatory power of sucrose-water solutions is exploited and digital, spectral image analysis is used to nonintrusively measure one-dimensional species distributions within a liquid. The measurement scheme is described and is used in experiments ranging from one-dimensional isothermal diffusion to layered double-diffusive convection.     

RUMINATIONS ON THE DEVELOPMENT AND FUTURE OF POPULATION DYNAMICS MODELS IN FISHERIES

ABSTRACT. I trace the development of fisheries models (i.e., fish population dynamics models of species subject to fisheries) to the 21st century. The first real efforts occurred in the period 1900 1920 with the work of Baranov (the “Grandfather” of fisheries population dynamics) and the formation of the International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES). The establishment of the science occurred between 1920 1960 with multi‐species modeling, age‐ and size‐structure dynamics, and production models. Fundamental work during this time was done by Ricker (the “Father” of fisheries population dynamics), Beverton and Holt (the “Prophets” of fisheries population dynamics), Chapman, Dickie, DeLury, Graham, Gulland, Leslie, Lotka and Volterra, Russell, Schaefer, and Thompson. During this time, most of the workwas deterministic and mathematical. Between 1960 and 1980, statistical methodology evolved greatly but was separate from mathematical advances for the most part. The development of statistical principles for the estimation of animal abundance was further enhanced by Arnason, Buckland, Burnham and Anderson and White, Cormack, Eberhardt, Jolly, Manly, Pollock, Ricker, Robson, and Seber, among others. Fisheries models evolved in a deterministic setting, with advances in age‐structured models (Gulland, Pope, Doubleday), surplus production models (Pella, Tomlin‐son, Schnute, Fletcher, Hilborn), growth models, bioeconomic models (C. Clark) and management control models (Hilborn, Walters). The period 1980 2000 was the Golden Age. The integration between mathematics and statistics occurred when likelihood and least squares techniques were formally combined with mathematical models of population change. The number of fisheries modelers grew exponentially during this time, resulting in a concomitant increase in publications. A major advance in the 1990s has been the development of Bayesian and time series methods, which have allowed explicit specification of uncertainty. Currently, theory allows realistic modeling of age‐ and size‐structured populations, migratory populations and harvesting strategies. These models routinely incorporate measurement error, process error (stochasticity) and time variation. But data needs often overwhelm the performance of models, and greater demands are being placed on models to answer complex questions. There has been poor communication between fisheries and ecological modelers, between fisheries researchers and statisticians, and among fisheries researchers in different geographic locales. Future models will need to deal better with habitat and spatial concerns, genetics, multispecies interactions, environmental factors, effects of harvesting on the ecosystem, model misspecification and so‐cioeconomic concerns. Meta‐analysis, retrospective analysis and operating models are some modern approaches for dealing with uncertainty and providing for sustainable fisheries. However, I fear that current attacks on single‐species models and management may result in rejection of these advances and an attempt to substitute a less scientific approach.